Tag: france
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History of the Second World War. IV.
National Socialist Germany faced additional setbacks on the southern front, until this advance was stalled until the end of the war. The Italians had been a liability that weakened the German strategic war effort, which only worsen. General Pietro Badoglio began armistice negotiations with the British and the Americans on 4 August 1943, as the…
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History of the Second World War. I.
British political decisionmakers eventually suspected that Germany would not cease its aggression, but could do little more than issue an ultimatum, advising Germany that Poland would receive British assistance if Hitler invaded. Nevertheless, Hitler invaded Poland on 1 September 1939 and forced a collapse in less than a month using a method of warfare known…
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History of the First World War. II.
Italy declared war on Austria-Hungary alone on 22 May 1915 as a result of popular demand from the Italian people, for “their war” to win “Italia Irredanta.” or in the interest of further pursuing reinforced unification of the Italians that remained “unredeemed” due to the remaining existence of outlying territories with Italian inhabitants, in addition…
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History of the First World War. I.
The first years of the twentieth century were characterised by escalating tensions among the European powers, amid relative peace allowing for developing considerable prosperity and technological development. Nevertheless, there was also competition for military supremacy and for resources from colonies abroad were complicated by entangling alliances, which were supposed to make Europe safer, but ultimately…
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History of Reaction and Unification. 1848-1871.
The 1848 revolutions caused a realignment of forces in European political life. In Italy, the Sardinian kingdom emerged after 1849 as the one hope for the national unification of Italy. King Victor Immanuel II maintained the constitution, and increasingly more Italian nationalists turned toward Sardinia in much the same way as Germans began to look…
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History of Reaction and Revolution. 1815-1848.
Two important ideologies, nationalism and liberalism, emerged to have a significant effect on Europe during the nineteenth century. The Congress of Vienna and the Concerts of Europe were a conservative response to these ideas. After Napoleon’s fall, most European nations wanted to restore the old order and prevent future revolutionary outbreaks. Great Britain, Austria,…
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History of the French Revolution. 1803-1815. III.
Regardless of the questions of whether the liberties given to the French people were provided by a despot, Napoleon considered himself to be an extension of the revolution, and intended to take it abroad through advantageously taking rapid military action with support from military conscription and a cohesive command system. Napoleon planned to invade England…
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History of the French Revolution. 1793-1802. II.
A second phase of the revolution began from 10 August 1792, when the king was suspended from office, and from 21 September when a new legislative body called the National Convention was assembled for the first time after being chosen on the basis of universal male suffrage, although only a small proportion of the eligible…
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History of the French Revolution. 1789-1792. I.
There could theoretically be two major underlying themes in European history from between 1789 to 1914: the spread and transformation of industrialism in Britain, where it first assumed modern forms, and the spread and transformation of the liberal, democratic ideals for society and politics that were first given practical expression through the American and…
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History of the Age of Absolutism.
The history of monarchy in Europe from the late Middle Ages tended toward greater political unification, and increasingly greater subordination of feudal intermediate authorities to the control of a central monarchy. Most European states experienced a steady growth in the power of the central governmental authority from approximately the beginning of the fifteenth to the…